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<h1>External keyboard</h1>
<h2 id="external-keyboard-joystick">External Keyboard &amp; Joystick</h2>
<p><a href="../../README.md">Go back</a></p>
<p>Two optional, auto-detected hardware add-ons — a build with them enabled runs
the same with nothing plugged in. Two of the newer boards also ship with
their own <strong>built-in</strong> keypad instead —
see <a href="#built-in-keyboards-cardputer-adv-t-echo-lite--keyshield">Built-in keyboards</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>CardKB</strong> — an M5Stack I2C QWERTY keyboard (address <code>0x5F</code>), for typing
messages, names and labels without walking the on-screen letter grid.</li>
<li><strong>Wired joystick</strong> — four direction contacts plus a Back button, replacing the
single-button navigation on boards that have no joystick of their own.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="support-by-device">Support by device</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Device</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">CardKB</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Wired joystick</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Seeed Wio Tracker L1 (OLED)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">✅ Grove connector</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">onboard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Seeed Wio Tracker L1 (E-ink)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">✅ Grove connector</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">onboard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GAT562 30S Mesh Kit</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">—</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">onboard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heltec V3 <em>(experimental)</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">✅ solder to free GPIOs</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">✅ solder to free GPIOs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heltec V4 <em>(experimental)</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">✅ solder to free GPIOs</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">✅ solder to free GPIOs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>M5Stack Cardputer ADV <em>(experimental)</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">—</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">built-in keyboard instead, see below</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LilyGO T-Echo Lite + KeyShield <em>(experimental)</em></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">—</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">built-in keypad instead, see below</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h2 id="cardkb">CardKB</h2>
<p>Plug it into the second I2C bus (the Grove connector on the Wio Tracker L1;
see <a href="#wiring-heltec-v3--v4">Wiring</a> for the Heltec boards). The firmware probes
for it once at boot — nothing to enable in Settings.</p>
<p>The same bus is scanned for environment sensors, so a CardKB and a sensor can
share it.</p>
<h3 id="typing">Typing</h3>
<p>Printable characters insert straight at the cursor, bypassing the on-screen grid
completely. The alphabet and T9/ABC settings do not apply — a real keyboard sends
the right character already, so typing is always plain Latin ASCII regardless of
what Settings › Keyboard is set to.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Key</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>letters / digits / symbols / space</td>
<td>insert at the cursor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Backspace</td>
<td>delete the character before the cursor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Esc</td>
<td>cancel / back</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arrows</td>
<td>same as the joystick</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter</td>
<td>same as the centre button</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Fn+Enter</strong></td>
<td><strong>submit the field</strong> — no need to find the DONE cell</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Fn+letter</strong></td>
<td>open the accent popup for that letter (e.g. Fn+A → á à ä ã…)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Tab</strong></td>
<td>the Hold-Enter equivalent, everywhere — context menus, shift-lock, clear-all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Fn+Esc</strong></td>
<td>lock / unlock the device (single press, works in both directions)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Fn+Esc rather than the adjacent Fn+Backspace on purpose: Fn and Backspace sit
next to each other on CardKB's layout and would be far too easy to hit by
accident. See <a href="../screen_lock/screen_lock/">Screen Lock</a> for the physical
button equivalent.</p>
<h3 id="ext-kb-full-vs-compact">Ext. KB — Full vs Compact</h3>
<p><strong>Settings › Keyboard › Ext. KB</strong> picks how the on-screen keyboard behaves while
a CardKB is doing the typing.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Mode</th>
<th>Behaviour</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Full</strong> (default)</td>
<td>The letter grid stays on screen. Arrows and Enter drive the grid exactly as physical buttons do, so CardKB and the joystick can be used interchangeably.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Compact</strong></td>
<td>The grid, the special-row icons and the status line are all hidden — only the text being typed and two shortcut hints remain. Arrows move the <strong>text cursor</strong> directly, and plain Enter submits the field (same as Fn+Enter).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Compact is designed to need no joystick at all</strong> — the right choice when
CardKB is the only input device, e.g. a Heltec V3/V4 with no joystick
soldered on.</p>
<p>Cursor mode and the accent / placeholder popups draw their own visible feedback,
so they behave identically in both modes.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="wired-joystick">Wired joystick</h2>
<p>Four direction contacts plus a fifth "press" contact. Each contact simply
shorts its pin to ground — the firmware enables the internal pull-ups, so no
external resistors are needed.</p>
<ul>
<li>The stick's own press contact drives the centre / Enter press — your thumb
is already on the stick, so pressing it in is the natural "confirm" action.</li>
<li>The board's existing user button (PRG on the Heltec boards) becomes Back
instead. Back is <strong>not</strong> optional: the UI uses it unconditionally once the
joystick is enabled. Triple-clicking Back toggles the buzzer.</li>
<li><strong>Settings › Display › Joystick rotation</strong> rotates the direction mapping at
runtime (0–3), for a stick mounted sideways in a custom enclosure. It is
independent of display rotation.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h2 id="wiring-heltec-v3-v4">Wiring (Heltec V3 / V4)</h2>
<p>Neither board ships with a joystick or a keyboard header, so both are soldered to
free GPIOs. V3 and V4 are pin-compatible per Heltec's documentation and the solo
builds use the same assignment for both — <strong>confirmed working on real V4
hardware</strong>; still worth checking against your own V3 module before soldering.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Function</th>
<th>GPIO</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>CardKB SDA</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>second I2C bus (<code>Wire1</code>) — <em>not</em> the OLED's 17/18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CardKB SCL</td>
<td>4</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Joystick UP</td>
<td>23</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Joystick DOWN</td>
<td>6</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Joystick LEFT</td>
<td>47</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Joystick RIGHT</td>
<td>48</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Joystick press — Enter</td>
<td>33</td>
<td>the stick's own fifth contact; required when the joystick is enabled</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Back</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>the onboard PRG button — nothing to wire</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Everything above lives in the <code>[env:Heltec_v3_companion_solo_dual]</code> /
<code>[env:heltec_v4_companion_solo_dual]</code> blocks in
<a href="../../variants/heltec_v3/platformio.ini"><code>variants/heltec_v3/platformio.ini</code></a>
and <a href="../../variants/heltec_v4/platformio.ini"><code>variants/heltec_v4/platformio.ini</code></a>,
with comments explaining which pins are safe to reuse. To build a CardKB-only
device, comment out the joystick block and set Ext. KB to Compact.</p>
<hr />
<h2 id="built-in-keyboards-cardputer-adv-t-echo-lite-keyshield">Built-in keyboards (Cardputer ADV, T-Echo Lite + KeyShield)</h2>
<p><em>Experimental</em> — newly-added board support, not the CardKB/joystick add-ons
above. Both keypads are TCA8418-based and share one polling path, entirely
independent of the CardKB code — a board can have either, or neither.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>M5Stack Cardputer ADV</strong> — built-in QWERTY, no CardKB or joystick needed.</li>
<li><strong>LilyGO T-Echo Lite + KeyShield</strong> — the KeyShield add-on gives the T-Echo
Lite a T9 keypad; without it the board has no usable input for the solo UI.</li>
</ul>
<p>Neither keypad follows CardKB's exact Fn-shortcut table (Fn+Enter,
Fn+letter accent popups, Tab, Fn+Esc lock) — see each board's own
<code>platformio.ini</code> / keyboard driver under <code>variants/</code> for its current keymap.</p>
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