{
  "meta": {
    "title": "Installing NVIDIA Drivers on Proxmox VE 9 (manual procedure) | ProxMenux Guides",
    "description": "Manual installation and configuration of NVIDIA drivers on a Proxmox VE 9 host, plus the LXC wiring needed to expose the GPU to one or more containers. Covers driver install, persistence service, optional NVENC patch and the per-container setup.",
    "ogTitle": "Installing NVIDIA Drivers on Proxmox VE 9 (manual procedure)",
    "ogDescription": "Manual NVIDIA driver install on PVE 9 — host driver, persistence service, optional NVENC patch and per-container LXC wiring."
  },
  "header": {
    "title": "Installing NVIDIA Graphics Card Drivers on Proxmox VE 9 (manual procedure)",
    "description": "Manual installation and configuration of NVIDIA drivers on a Proxmox VE 9 host, plus the LXC wiring needed to expose the GPU to one or more containers. Covers driver install, persistence service, optional NVENC patch and the per-container setup.",
    "section": "Guides"
  },
  "intro": {
    "calloutTitle": "Note",
    "calloutBody": "This is the manual procedure preserved as a reference. For most users the recommended path is the automated ProxMenux flow: <strong>Install NVIDIA Drivers (Host)</strong> in the <em>GPUs and Coral-TPU</em> menu, and <strong>Add GPU to LXC</strong> (or <strong>Add GPU to VM</strong>) for the per-guest wiring. The automated flow handles the same steps documented here (with extra safety checks: kernel-headers compatibility, IOMMU validation, VFIO conflict resolution). This page is for operators who want to understand each command, or who need to deviate from the standard flow.",
    "targetNote": "Targeted at <strong>Proxmox VE 9</strong> (Debian Trixie). PVE 7 (Bullseye) and PVE 8 (Bookworm) are no longer covered.",
    "stepsTitle": "What you'll do",
    "steps": [
      "Prepare the Proxmox VE 9 host (blacklist nouveau, repos, prerequisites).",
      "Install the NVIDIA driver on the host.",
      "Install the NVIDIA persistence service.",
      "(Optional) Apply the keylase patch to lift the NVENC concurrent-session limit on consumer GPUs.",
      "Wire the GPU into one or more LXC containers and install the matching driver inside each."
    ]
  },
  "prepareHost": {
    "heading": "1. Prepare the host (PVE 9)",
    "blacklistHeading": "1.1 Blacklist nouveau",
    "blacklistBody": "Check whether the open-source <code>nouveau</code> driver is already blacklisted:",
    "blacklistCheckCode": "cat /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf",
    "blacklistAdd": "If <code>blacklist nouveau</code> does not appear, add it and reboot:",
    "blacklistAddCode": "echo \"blacklist nouveau\" '>>' /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf\nreboot",
    "blacklistImageAlt": "Blacklist check",
    "reposHeading": "1.2 Verify repositories (PVE 9 / Trixie)",
    "reposBody": "If you ran the ProxMenux Post-Install script (or any other Proxmox post-install tooling), the repositories are already in place — skip this step.",
    "reposOtherwise": "Otherwise, on a vanilla PVE 9 install with no enterprise subscription:",
    "reposEditCode": "nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/proxmox.sources",
    "reposPveBody": "Make sure it contains the no-subscription source for Trixie:",
    "reposPveCode": "Types: deb\nURIs: http://download.proxmox.com/debian/pve\nSuites: trixie\nComponents: pve-no-subscription\nSigned-By: /usr/share/keyrings/proxmox-archive-keyring.gpg",
    "reposDebianBody": "And the Debian sources at <code>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.sources</code>:",
    "reposDebianCode": "Types: deb\nURIs: http://deb.debian.org/debian/\nSuites: trixie trixie-updates\nComponents: main contrib non-free non-free-firmware\nSigned-By: /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg\n\nTypes: deb\nURIs: http://security.debian.org/debian-security/\nSuites: trixie-security\nComponents: main contrib non-free non-free-firmware\nSigned-By: /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg",
    "updateHeading": "1.3 Update the system and install prerequisites",
    "updateCode": "apt update && apt dist-upgrade -y",
    "buildToolsBody": "Install the build tools and kernel headers needed to compile the NVIDIA kernel module:",
    "buildToolsCode": "apt-get install -y git\napt-get install -qqy pve-headers-$(uname -r) gcc make"
  },
  "installDriver": {
    "heading": "2. Install the NVIDIA driver on the host",
    "pickHeading": "2.1 Pick a driver version",
    "pickBody": "Check the latest stable driver:",
    "pickUrlCode": "https://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86_64/latest.txt",
    "nvencCallout": "If you plan to apply the NVENC patch (step 4), verify the patch supports your chosen driver version first: <patchLink>github.com/keylase/nvidia-patch</patchLink>",
    "nvencCalloutTitle": "Heads up",
    "pickReplace": "Replace <code>latest.txt</code> in the URL with the version number to find the installer file ending in <code>.run</code>. The full driver list is at:",
    "pickListCode": "https://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86_64/",
    "pickImageAlt": "NVIDIA driver download",
    "pickVersionNote": "Throughout the rest of this guide, replace <code>'<'VERSION'>'</code> with the actual version (for example <code>580.95.05</code>).",
    "downloadHeading": "2.2 Download and run the installer",
    "downloadCode": "mkdir -p /opt/nvidia\ncd /opt/nvidia\nwget https://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86_64/'<'VERSION'>'/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run\nchmod +x NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run",
    "firstPassBody": "First pass — this disables <code>nouveau</code> and prepares the system:",
    "firstPassCode": "./NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run --no-questions --ui=none --disable-nouveau\nreboot",
    "secondPassBody": "After the host comes back, run the installer again to compile and install the kernel module:",
    "secondPassCode": "/opt/nvidia/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run --no-questions --ui=none",
    "modulesHeading": "2.3 Load NVIDIA modules at boot",
    "modulesBody": "Edit the modules-load configuration:",
    "modulesEditCode": "nano /etc/modules-load.d/modules.conf",
    "modulesAddBody": "Add the VFIO and NVIDIA modules:",
    "modulesAddCode": "vfio\nvfio_iommu_type1\nvfio_pci\nvfio_virqfd\nnvidia\nnvidia_uvm",
    "modulesSaveBody": "Save (<code>Ctrl+X</code>) and rebuild initramfs:",
    "modulesSaveCode": "update-initramfs -u -k all",
    "udevHeading": "2.4 Create udev rules",
    "udevBody": "So that <code>/dev/nvidia*</code> device nodes are created when the modules load:",
    "udevEditCode": "nano /etc/udev/rules.d/70-nvidia.rules",
    "udevRulesCode": "# /etc/udev/rules.d/70-nvidia.rules\n# Create /dev/nvidia0, /dev/nvidia1 ... and /dev/nvidiactl when nvidia module is loaded\nKERNEL==\"nvidia\", RUN+=\"/bin/bash -c ''/usr/bin/nvidia-smi -L''\"\n\n# Create the CUDA node when nvidia_uvm CUDA module is loaded\nKERNEL==\"nvidia_uvm\", RUN+=\"/bin/bash -c ''/usr/bin/nvidia-modprobe -c0 -u''\"",
    "udevSaveBody": "Save (<code>Ctrl+X</code>)."
  },
  "persistence": {
    "heading": "3. NVIDIA driver persistence service",
    "body": "The persistence daemon keeps the GPU initialised between uses, which avoids the latency hit and occasional state loss that happens when the kernel module is loaded and unloaded repeatedly:",
    "installCode": "cd /opt/nvidia\ngit clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-persistenced.git\ncd nvidia-persistenced/init\n./install.sh\nreboot",
    "verifyBody": "Verify the driver is loaded and the service is running after reboot:",
    "verifySmiCode": "nvidia-smi",
    "smiImageAlt": "NVIDIA SMI output",
    "verifyServiceCode": "systemctl status nvidia-persistenced",
    "serviceImageAlt": "NVIDIA persistence service status"
  },
  "nvenc": {
    "heading": "4. (Optional) Lift the NVENC concurrent-session limit",
    "body": "Consumer NVIDIA GPUs ship with a hardcoded limit on the number of simultaneous NVENC encoding sessions (typically 3, 5 or 8 depending on generation). The keylase patch removes that restriction. Useful when running Plex / Jellyfin / Frigate transcoding workloads.",
    "code": "cd /opt/nvidia\ngit clone https://github.com/keylase/nvidia-patch.git\ncd nvidia-patch\n./patch.sh",
    "imageAlt": "NVIDIA patch application",
    "after": "The patch must be re-applied after every driver update. The keylase repo also includes <code>patch-fbc.sh</code> for the FBC (frame buffer capture) limit if you need it."
  },
  "lxcSetup": {
    "heading": "5. Configure an LXC container to use the GPU",
    "identifyHeading": "5.1 Identify the device numbers",
    "identifyBody": "On the host:",
    "identifyCode": "ls -l /dev/nv*",
    "identifyImageAlt": "NVIDIA device list",
    "identifyNote": "Note the major numbers — they vary between systems. Typical values:",
    "tableHeaders": {
      "device": "Device",
      "major": "Typical major"
    },
    "tableRows": [
      { "device": "<code>/dev/nvidia0</code>, <code>/dev/nvidiactl</code>", "major": "195" },
      { "device": "<code>/dev/nvidia-uvm</code>, <code>/dev/nvidia-uvm-tools</code>", "major": "509 (varies)" },
      { "device": "<code>/dev/dri/*</code>", "major": "226" },
      { "device": "<code>/dev/nvidia-modeset</code>", "major": "195 (shares with nvidia)" }
    ],
    "editHeading": "5.2 Edit the LXC config",
    "editBody": "Stop the container first if it's running. Open its config file (replace <code>'<'CTID'>'</code> with the container ID):",
    "editCode": "nano /etc/pve/lxc/'<'CTID'>'.conf",
    "editConfigBody": "Comment out any pre-existing <code>lxc.cgroup2.devices.allow</code> or <code>/dev/dri</code> lines that conflict, then append the NVIDIA wiring (adjust the major numbers to match what <code>ls -l /dev/nv*</code> showed on <strong>your</strong> host):",
    "editConfigCode": "lxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 195:* rwm\nlxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 509:* rwm\nlxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 10:* rwm\nlxc.cgroup2.devices.allow: c 238:* rwm\nlxc.mount.entry: /dev/nvidia0 dev/nvidia0 none bind,optional,create=file\nlxc.mount.entry: /dev/nvidiactl dev/nvidiactl none bind,optional,create=file\nlxc.mount.entry: /dev/nvidia-uvm dev/nvidia-uvm none bind,optional,create=file\nlxc.mount.entry: /dev/nvidia-modeset dev/nvidia-modeset none bind,optional,create=file\nlxc.mount.entry: /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools dev/nvidia-uvm-tools none bind,optional,create=file\nlxc.mount.entry: /dev/nvram dev/nvram none bind,optional,create=file",
    "editConfigImageAlt": "LXC configuration",
    "editSave": "Save (<code>Ctrl+X</code>) and start the container.",
    "installCtHeading": "5.3 Install the driver inside the container",
    "installCtCalloutTitle": "Important",
    "installCtCalloutBody": "This part runs <strong>inside</strong> the container, not on the host.",
    "installCtBody": "The kernel module is already loaded by the host — the container only needs the userland libraries that match the same driver version:",
    "installCtCode": "mkdir -p /opt/nvidia\ncd /opt/nvidia\nwget https://download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86_64/'<'VERSION'>'/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run\nchmod +x NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run\n./NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-'<'VERSION'>'.run --no-kernel-module",
    "installCtAfter": "Accept the defaults at every prompt.",
    "installCtImageAlt": "NVIDIA driver installation",
    "verifyCtHeading": "5.4 Verify inside the container",
    "verifyCtSmiCode": "nvidia-smi",
    "verifyCtSmiImageAlt": "NVIDIA SMI in LXC",
    "verifyCtLsCode": "ls -l /dev/nv*",
    "verifyCtLsImageAlt": "NVIDIA devices in LXC",
    "verifyCtAfter": "You should see the GPU listed and the device nodes mounted into the container's filesystem.",
    "workloadHeading": "5.5 Confirm a real workload picks up the GPU",
    "workloadBody": "For Plex / Jellyfin, transcode a video and check the dashboard / logs — hardware-accelerated transcoding is now active.",
    "workloadImage1Alt": "Plex using NVIDIA GPU",
    "workloadImage2Alt": "Plex using NVIDIA GPU - active session",
    "repeatNote": "To wire the GPU into another container, repeat <strong>section 5</strong> for each additional CTID. The driver install inside the container only needs to be done once per container."
  },
  "docker": {
    "heading": "6. (Optional) NVIDIA Docker inside an LXC",
    "body": "If the container runs Docker and you want containers-inside-the-container to use the GPU, install <code>nvidia-docker2</code>. From inside the LXC:",
    "code": "wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MacRimi/manuales/main/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker.sh\nchmod +x nvidia-docker.sh\n./nvidia-docker.sh",
    "after": "The script handles the repository setup, package install and Docker daemon configuration in one go."
  },
  "troubleshoot": {
    "heading": "Troubleshooting",
    "items": [
      "<strong><code>nvidia-smi</code> on the host shows the GPU, but inside the container it errors with \"No devices found\":</strong> the driver versions don't match. Re-download the same <code>'<'VERSION'>'</code> inside the container and run with <code>--no-kernel-module</code>.",
      "<strong>Driver compile fails on the host with \"No precompiled kernel interface was found\":</strong> kernel headers are missing or out of sync. Re-run <code>apt-get install pve-headers-$(uname -r)</code> and confirm <code>uname -r</code> matches the running kernel.",
      "<strong>NVENC sessions still capped after applying the patch:</strong> the patch was overwritten by a driver update. Re-run <code>./patch.sh</code> from <code>/opt/nvidia/nvidia-patch</code>.",
      "<strong>GPU stops responding after a few hours of idle:</strong> persistence daemon isn't running. Check with <code>systemctl status nvidia-persistenced</code> and start / enable it.",
      "<strong>Container starts but <code>ls /dev/nv*</code> shows nothing:</strong> the major numbers in the LXC config don't match the host's. Re-run <code>ls -l /dev/nv*</code> on the host and adjust the <code>lxc.cgroup2.devices.allow</code> lines accordingly."
    ]
  }
}