EOS/src/akkudoktoreos/optimization/genetic.py

import random
import time
from typing import Any, Optional

import numpy as np
from deap import algorithms, base, creator, tools
from pydantic import Field, field_validator, model_validator
from typing_extensions import Self

from akkudoktoreos.core.coreabc import (
    ConfigMixin,
    DevicesMixin,
    EnergyManagementSystemMixin,
)
from akkudoktoreos.core.ems import EnergyManagementParameters, SimulationResult
from akkudoktoreos.core.logging import get_logger
from akkudoktoreos.core.pydantic import ParametersBaseModel
from akkudoktoreos.devices.battery import (
    Battery,
    ElectricVehicleParameters,
    ElectricVehicleResult,
    SolarPanelBatteryParameters,
)
from akkudoktoreos.devices.generic import HomeAppliance, HomeApplianceParameters
from akkudoktoreos.devices.inverter import Inverter, InverterParameters
from akkudoktoreos.utils.utils import NumpyEncoder

logger = get_logger(__name__)


class OptimizationParameters(ParametersBaseModel):
    ems: EnergyManagementParameters
    pv_akku: Optional[SolarPanelBatteryParameters]
    inverter: Optional[InverterParameters]
    eauto: Optional[ElectricVehicleParameters]
    dishwasher: Optional[HomeApplianceParameters] = None
    temperature_forecast: Optional[list[Optional[float]]] = Field(
        default=None,
        description="An array of floats representing the temperature forecast in degrees Celsius for different time intervals.",
    )
    start_solution: Optional[list[float]] = Field(
        default=None, description="Can be `null` or contain a previous solution (if available)."
    )

    @model_validator(mode="after")
    def validate_list_length(self) -> Self:
        arr_length = len(self.ems.pv_prognose_wh)
        if self.temperature_forecast is not None and arr_length != len(self.temperature_forecast):
            raise ValueError("Input lists have different lengths")
        return self

    @field_validator("start_solution")
    def validate_start_solution(
        cls, start_solution: Optional[list[float]]
    ) -> Optional[list[float]]:
        if start_solution is not None and len(start_solution) < 2:
            raise ValueError("Requires at least two values.")
        return start_solution


class OptimizeResponse(ParametersBaseModel):
    """**Note**: The first value of "Last_Wh_per_hour", "Netzeinspeisung_Wh_per_hour", and "Netzbezug_Wh_per_hour", will be set to null in the JSON output and represented as NaN or None in the corresponding classes' data returns. This approach is adopted to ensure that the current hour's processing remains unchanged."""

    ac_charge: list[float] = Field(
        description="Array with AC charging values as relative power (0-1), other values set to 0."
    )
    dc_charge: list[float] = Field(
        description="Array with DC charging values as relative power (0-1), other values set to 0."
    )
    discharge_allowed: list[int] = Field(
        description="Array with discharge values (1 for discharge, 0 otherwise)."
    )
    eautocharge_hours_float: Optional[list[float]] = Field(description="TBD")
    result: SimulationResult
    eauto_obj: Optional[ElectricVehicleResult]
    start_solution: Optional[list[float]] = Field(
        default=None,
        description="An array of binary values (0 or 1) representing a possible starting solution for the simulation.",
    )
    washingstart: Optional[int] = Field(
        default=None,
        description="Can be `null` or contain an object representing the start of washing (if applicable).",
    )

    @field_validator(
        "ac_charge",
        "dc_charge",
        "discharge_allowed",
        mode="before",
    )
    def convert_numpy(cls, field: Any) -> Any:
        return NumpyEncoder.convert_numpy(field)[0]

    @field_validator(
        "eauto_obj",
        mode="before",
    )
    def convert_eauto(cls, field: Any) -> Any:
        if isinstance(field, Battery):
            return ElectricVehicleResult(**field.to_dict())
        return field


class optimization_problem(ConfigMixin, DevicesMixin, EnergyManagementSystemMixin):
    def __init__(
        self,
        verbose: bool = False,
        fixed_seed: Optional[int] = None,
    ):
        """Initialize the optimization problem with the required parameters."""
        self.opti_param: dict[str, Any] = {}
        self.fixed_eauto_hours = self.config.prediction.hours - self.config.optimization.hours
        self.possible_charge_values = self.config.optimization.ev_available_charge_rates_percent
        self.verbose = verbose
        self.fix_seed = fixed_seed
        self.optimize_ev = True
        self.optimize_dc_charge = False
        self.fitness_history: dict[str, Any] = {}

        # Set a fixed seed for random operations if provided or in debug mode
        if self.fix_seed is not None:
            random.seed(self.fix_seed)
        elif logger.level == "DEBUG":
            self.fix_seed = random.randint(1, 100000000000)  # noqa: S311
            random.seed(self.fix_seed)

    def decode_charge_discharge(
        self, discharge_hours_bin: np.ndarray
    ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
        """Decode the input array into ac_charge, dc_charge, and discharge arrays."""
        discharge_hours_bin_np = np.array(discharge_hours_bin)
        len_ac = len(self.possible_charge_values)

        # Categorization:
        # Idle:       0 .. len_ac-1
        # Discharge:  len_ac .. 2*len_ac - 1
        # AC Charge:  2*len_ac .. 3*len_ac - 1
        # DC optional: 3*len_ac (not allowed), 3*len_ac + 1 (allowed)

        # Idle has no charge, Discharge has binary 1, AC Charge has corresponding values
        # Idle states
        idle_mask = (discharge_hours_bin_np >= 0) & (discharge_hours_bin_np < len_ac)

        # Discharge states
        discharge_mask = (discharge_hours_bin_np >= len_ac) & (discharge_hours_bin_np < 2 * len_ac)

        # AC states
        ac_mask = (discharge_hours_bin_np >= 2 * len_ac) & (discharge_hours_bin_np < 3 * len_ac)
        ac_indices = (discharge_hours_bin_np[ac_mask] - 2 * len_ac).astype(int)

        # DC states (if enabled)
        if self.optimize_dc_charge:
            dc_not_allowed_state = 3 * len_ac
            dc_allowed_state = 3 * len_ac + 1
            dc_charge = np.where(discharge_hours_bin_np == dc_allowed_state, 1, 0)
        else:
            dc_charge = np.ones_like(discharge_hours_bin_np, dtype=float)

        # Generate the result arrays
        discharge = np.zeros_like(discharge_hours_bin_np, dtype=int)
        discharge[discharge_mask] = 1  # Set Discharge states to 1

        ac_charge = np.zeros_like(discharge_hours_bin_np, dtype=float)
        ac_charge[ac_mask] = [self.possible_charge_values[i] for i in ac_indices]

        # Idle is just 0, already default.

        return ac_charge, dc_charge, discharge

    def mutate(self, individual: list[int]) -> tuple[list[int]]:
        """Custom mutation function for the individual."""
        # Calculate the number of states
        len_ac = len(self.possible_charge_values)
        if self.optimize_dc_charge:
            total_states = 3 * len_ac + 2
        else:
            total_states = 3 * len_ac

        # 1. Mutating the charge_discharge part
        charge_discharge_part = individual[: self.config.prediction.hours]
        (charge_discharge_mutated,) = self.toolbox.mutate_charge_discharge(charge_discharge_part)

        # Instead of a fixed clamping to 0..8 or 0..6 dynamically:
        charge_discharge_mutated = np.clip(charge_discharge_mutated, 0, total_states - 1)
        individual[: self.config.prediction.hours] = charge_discharge_mutated

        # 2. Mutating the EV charge part, if active
        if self.optimize_ev:
            ev_charge_part = individual[
                self.config.prediction.hours : self.config.prediction.hours * 2
            ]
            (ev_charge_part_mutated,) = self.toolbox.mutate_ev_charge_index(ev_charge_part)
            ev_charge_part_mutated[self.config.prediction.hours - self.fixed_eauto_hours :] = [
                0
            ] * self.fixed_eauto_hours
            individual[self.config.prediction.hours : self.config.prediction.hours * 2] = (
                ev_charge_part_mutated
            )

        # 3. Mutating the appliance start time, if applicable
        if self.opti_param["home_appliance"] > 0:
            appliance_part = [individual[-1]]
            (appliance_part_mutated,) = self.toolbox.mutate_hour(appliance_part)
            individual[-1] = appliance_part_mutated[0]

        return (individual,)

    # Method to create an individual based on the conditions
    def create_individual(self) -> list[int]:
        # Start with discharge states for the individual
        individual_components = [
            self.toolbox.attr_discharge_state() for _ in range(self.config.prediction.hours)
        ]

        # Add EV charge index values if optimize_ev is True
        if self.optimize_ev:
            individual_components += [
                self.toolbox.attr_ev_charge_index() for _ in range(self.config.prediction.hours)
            ]

        # Add the start time of the household appliance if it's being optimized
        if self.opti_param["home_appliance"] > 0:
            individual_components += [self.toolbox.attr_int()]

        return creator.Individual(individual_components)

    def merge_individual(
        self,
        discharge_hours_bin: np.ndarray,
        eautocharge_hours_index: Optional[np.ndarray],
        washingstart_int: Optional[int],
    ) -> list[int]:
        """Merge the individual components back into a single solution list.

        Parameters:
            discharge_hours_bin (np.ndarray): Binary discharge hours.
            eautocharge_hours_index (Optional[np.ndarray]): EV charge hours as integers, or None.
            washingstart_int (Optional[int]): Dishwasher start time as integer, or None.

        Returns:
            list[int]: The merged individual solution as a list of integers.
        """
        # Start with the discharge hours
        individual = discharge_hours_bin.tolist()

        # Add EV charge hours if applicable
        if self.optimize_ev and eautocharge_hours_index is not None:
            individual.extend(eautocharge_hours_index.tolist())
        elif self.optimize_ev:
            # Falls optimize_ev aktiv ist, aber keine EV-Daten vorhanden sind, fügen wir Nullen hinzu
            individual.extend([0] * self.config.prediction.hours)

        # Add dishwasher start time if applicable
        if self.opti_param.get("home_appliance", 0) > 0 and washingstart_int is not None:
            individual.append(washingstart_int)
        elif self.opti_param.get("home_appliance", 0) > 0:
            # Falls ein Haushaltsgerät optimiert wird, aber kein Startzeitpunkt vorhanden ist
            individual.append(0)

        return individual

    def split_individual(
        self, individual: list[int]
    ) -> tuple[np.ndarray, Optional[np.ndarray], Optional[int]]:
        """Split the individual solution into its components.

        Components:
        1. Discharge hours (binary as int NumPy array),
        2. Electric vehicle charge hours (float as int NumPy array, if applicable),
        3. Dishwasher start time (integer if applicable).
        """
        # Discharge hours as a NumPy array of ints
        discharge_hours_bin = np.array(individual[: self.config.prediction.hours], dtype=int)

        # EV charge hours as a NumPy array of ints (if optimize_ev is True)
        eautocharge_hours_index = (
            # append ev charging states to individual
            np.array(
                individual[self.config.prediction.hours : self.config.prediction.hours * 2],
                dtype=int,
            )
            if self.optimize_ev
            else None
        )

        # Washing machine start time as an integer (if applicable)
        washingstart_int = (
            int(individual[-1])
            if self.opti_param and self.opti_param.get("home_appliance", 0) > 0
            else None
        )

        return discharge_hours_bin, eautocharge_hours_index, washingstart_int

    def setup_deap_environment(self, opti_param: dict[str, Any], start_hour: int) -> None:
        """Set up the DEAP environment with fitness and individual creation rules."""
        self.opti_param = opti_param

        # Remove existing definitions if any
        for attr in ["FitnessMin", "Individual"]:
            if attr in creator.__dict__:
                del creator.__dict__[attr]

        creator.create("FitnessMin", base.Fitness, weights=(-1.0,))
        creator.create("Individual", list, fitness=creator.FitnessMin)

        self.toolbox = base.Toolbox()
        len_ac = len(self.possible_charge_values)

        # Total number of states without DC:
        # Idle: len_ac states
        # Discharge: len_ac states
        # AC-Charge: len_ac states
        # Total without DC: 3 * len_ac

        # With DC: + 2 states
        if self.optimize_dc_charge:
            total_states = 3 * len_ac + 2
        else:
            total_states = 3 * len_ac

        # State space: 0 .. (total_states - 1)
        self.toolbox.register("attr_discharge_state", random.randint, 0, total_states - 1)

        # EV attributes
        if self.optimize_ev:
            self.toolbox.register(
                "attr_ev_charge_index",
                random.randint,
                0,
                len_ac - 1,
            )

        # Household appliance start time
        self.toolbox.register("attr_int", random.randint, start_hour, 23)

        self.toolbox.register("individual", self.create_individual)
        self.toolbox.register("population", tools.initRepeat, list, self.toolbox.individual)
        self.toolbox.register("mate", tools.cxTwoPoint)

        # Mutation operator for charge/discharge states
        self.toolbox.register(
            "mutate_charge_discharge", tools.mutUniformInt, low=0, up=total_states - 1, indpb=0.2
        )

        # Mutation operator for EV states
        self.toolbox.register(
            "mutate_ev_charge_index",
            tools.mutUniformInt,
            low=0,
            up=len_ac - 1,
            indpb=0.2,
        )

        # Mutation for household appliance
        self.toolbox.register("mutate_hour", tools.mutUniformInt, low=start_hour, up=23, indpb=0.2)

        # Custom mutate function remains unchanged
        self.toolbox.register("mutate", self.mutate)
        self.toolbox.register("select", tools.selTournament, tournsize=3)

    def evaluate_inner(self, individual: list[int]) -> dict[str, Any]:
        """Simulates the energy management system (EMS) using the provided individual solution.

        This is an internal function.
        """
        self.ems.reset()
        discharge_hours_bin, eautocharge_hours_index, washingstart_int = self.split_individual(
            individual
        )
        if self.opti_param.get("home_appliance", 0) > 0:
            self.ems.set_home_appliance_start(
                washingstart_int, global_start_hour=self.ems.start_datetime.hour
            )

        ac, dc, discharge = self.decode_charge_discharge(discharge_hours_bin)

        self.ems.set_akku_discharge_hours(discharge)
        # Set DC charge hours only if DC optimization is enabled
        if self.optimize_dc_charge:
            self.ems.set_akku_dc_charge_hours(dc)
        self.ems.set_akku_ac_charge_hours(ac)

        if eautocharge_hours_index is not None:
            eautocharge_hours_float = np.array(
                [self.possible_charge_values[i] for i in eautocharge_hours_index],
                float,
            )
            self.ems.set_ev_charge_hours(eautocharge_hours_float)
        else:
            self.ems.set_ev_charge_hours(np.full(self.config.prediction.hours, 0))

        return self.ems.simulate(self.ems.start_datetime.hour)

    def evaluate(
        self,
        individual: list[int],
        parameters: OptimizationParameters,
        start_hour: int,
        worst_case: bool,
    ) -> tuple[float]:
        """Evaluate the fitness of an individual solution based on the simulation results."""
        try:
            o = self.evaluate_inner(individual)
        except Exception as e:
            return (100000.0,)  # Return a high penalty in case of an exception

        gesamtbilanz = o["Gesamtbilanz_Euro"] * (-1.0 if worst_case else 1.0)

        discharge_hours_bin, eautocharge_hours_index, washingstart_int = self.split_individual(
            individual
        )

        # EV 100% & charge not allowed
        if self.optimize_ev:
            eauto_soc_per_hour = np.array(o.get("EAuto_SoC_pro_Stunde", []))  # Beispielkey

            if eauto_soc_per_hour is None or eautocharge_hours_index is None:
                raise ValueError("eauto_soc_per_hour or eautocharge_hours_index is None")
            min_length = min(eauto_soc_per_hour.size, eautocharge_hours_index.size)
            eauto_soc_per_hour_tail = eauto_soc_per_hour[-min_length:]
            eautocharge_hours_index_tail = eautocharge_hours_index[-min_length:]

            # Mask
            invalid_charge_mask = (eauto_soc_per_hour_tail == 100) & (
                eautocharge_hours_index_tail > 0
            )

            if np.any(invalid_charge_mask):
                invalid_indices = np.where(invalid_charge_mask)[0]
                if len(invalid_indices) > 1:
                    eautocharge_hours_index_tail[invalid_indices[1:]] = 0

                eautocharge_hours_index[-min_length:] = eautocharge_hours_index_tail.tolist()

                adjusted_individual = self.merge_individual(
                    discharge_hours_bin, eautocharge_hours_index, washingstart_int
                )

                individual[:] = adjusted_individual

        # New check: Activate discharge when battery SoC is 0
        # battery_soc_per_hour = np.array(
        #     o.get("akku_soc_pro_stunde", [])
        # )  # Example key for battery SoC

        # if battery_soc_per_hour is not None:
        #     if battery_soc_per_hour is None or discharge_hours_bin is None:
        #         raise ValueError("battery_soc_per_hour or discharge_hours_bin is None")
        #     min_length = min(battery_soc_per_hour.size, discharge_hours_bin.size)
        #     battery_soc_per_hour_tail = battery_soc_per_hour[-min_length:]
        #     discharge_hours_bin_tail = discharge_hours_bin[-min_length:]
        #     len_ac = len(self.config.optimization.ev_available_charge_rates_percent)

        #     # # Find hours where battery SoC is 0
        #     # zero_soc_mask = battery_soc_per_hour_tail == 0
        #     # discharge_hours_bin_tail[zero_soc_mask] = (
        #     #     len_ac + 2
        #     # )  # Activate discharge for these hours

        #     # When Battery SoC then set the Discharge randomly to 0 or 1. otherwise it's very unlikely to get a state where a battery can store energy for a longer time
        #     # Find hours where battery SoC is 0
        #     zero_soc_mask = battery_soc_per_hour_tail == 0
        #     # discharge_hours_bin_tail[zero_soc_mask] = (
        #     # len_ac + 2
        #     # )  # Activate discharge for these hours
        #     set_to_len_ac_plus_2 = np.random.rand() < 0.5  # True mit 50% Wahrscheinlichkeit

        #     # Werte setzen basierend auf der zufälligen Entscheidung
        #     value_to_set = len_ac + 2 if set_to_len_ac_plus_2 else 0
        #     discharge_hours_bin_tail[zero_soc_mask] = value_to_set

        #     # Merge the updated discharge_hours_bin back into the individual
        #     adjusted_individual = self.merge_individual(
        #         discharge_hours_bin, eautocharge_hours_index, washingstart_int
        #     )
        #     individual[:] = adjusted_individual

        # More metrics
        individual.extra_data = (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
            o["Gesamtbilanz_Euro"],
            o["Gesamt_Verluste"],
            parameters.eauto.min_soc_percentage - self.ems.ev.current_soc_percentage()
            if parameters.eauto and self.ems.ev
            else 0,
        )

        # Adjust total balance with battery value and penalties for unmet SOC
        restwert_akku = (
            self.ems.battery.current_energy_content() * parameters.ems.preis_euro_pro_wh_akku
        )
        gesamtbilanz += -restwert_akku

        if self.optimize_ev:
            gesamtbilanz += max(
                0,
                (
                    parameters.eauto.min_soc_percentage - self.ems.ev.current_soc_percentage()
                    if parameters.eauto and self.ems.ev
                    else 0
                )
                * self.config.optimization.penalty,
            )

        return (gesamtbilanz,)

    def optimize(
        self, start_solution: Optional[list[float]] = None, ngen: int = 200
    ) -> tuple[Any, dict[str, list[Any]]]:
        """Run the optimization process using a genetic algorithm."""
        population = self.toolbox.population(n=300)
        hof = tools.HallOfFame(1)
        stats = tools.Statistics(lambda ind: ind.fitness.values)
        stats.register("min", np.min)
        stats.register("avg", np.mean)
        stats.register("max", np.max)

        if self.verbose:
            print("Start optimize:", start_solution)

        # Insert the start solution into the population if provided
        if start_solution is not None:
            for _ in range(10):
                population.insert(0, creator.Individual(start_solution))

        # Run the evolutionary algorithm
        pop, log = algorithms.eaMuPlusLambda(
            population,
            self.toolbox,
            mu=100,
            lambda_=150,
            cxpb=0.6,
            mutpb=0.4,
            ngen=ngen,
            stats=stats,
            halloffame=hof,
            verbose=self.verbose,
        )

        # Store fitness history
        self.fitness_history = {
            "gen": log.select("gen"),  # Generation numbers (X-axis)
            "avg": log.select("avg"),  # Average fitness for each generation (Y-axis)
            "max": log.select("max"),  # Maximum fitness for each generation (Y-axis)
            "min": log.select("min"),  # Minimum fitness for each generation (Y-axis)
        }

        member: dict[str, list[float]] = {"bilanz": [], "verluste": [], "nebenbedingung": []}
        for ind in population:
            if hasattr(ind, "extra_data"):
                extra_value1, extra_value2, extra_value3 = ind.extra_data
                member["bilanz"].append(extra_value1)
                member["verluste"].append(extra_value2)
                member["nebenbedingung"].append(extra_value3)

        return hof[0], member

    def optimierung_ems(
        self,
        parameters: OptimizationParameters,
        start_hour: Optional[int] = None,
        worst_case: bool = False,
        ngen: int = 400,
    ) -> OptimizeResponse:
        """Perform EMS (Energy Management System) optimization and visualize results."""
        if start_hour is None:
            start_hour = self.ems.start_datetime.hour

        einspeiseverguetung_euro_pro_wh = np.full(
            self.config.prediction.hours, parameters.ems.einspeiseverguetung_euro_pro_wh
        )

        # TODO: Refactor device setup phase out
        self.devices.reset()

        # Initialize PV and EV batteries
        akku: Optional[Battery] = None
        if parameters.pv_akku:
            akku = Battery(parameters.pv_akku)
            self.devices.add_device(akku)
            akku.set_charge_per_hour(np.full(self.config.prediction.hours, 1))

        eauto: Optional[Battery] = None
        if parameters.eauto:
            eauto = Battery(
                parameters.eauto,
            )
            self.devices.add_device(eauto)
            eauto.set_charge_per_hour(np.full(self.config.prediction.hours, 1))
            self.optimize_ev = (
                parameters.eauto.min_soc_percentage - parameters.eauto.initial_soc_percentage >= 0
            )
        else:
            self.optimize_ev = False

        # Initialize household appliance if applicable
        dishwasher = (
            HomeAppliance(
                parameters=parameters.dishwasher,
            )
            if parameters.dishwasher is not None
            else None
        )
        self.devices.add_device(dishwasher)

        # Initialize the inverter and energy management system
        inverter: Optional[Inverter] = None
        if parameters.inverter:
            inverter = Inverter(
                parameters.inverter,
            )
            self.devices.add_device(inverter)

        self.devices.post_setup()

        self.ems.set_parameters(
            parameters.ems,
            inverter=inverter,
            ev=eauto,
            home_appliance=dishwasher,
        )
        self.ems.set_start_hour(start_hour)

        # Setup the DEAP environment and optimization process
        self.setup_deap_environment({"home_appliance": 1 if dishwasher else 0}, start_hour)
        self.toolbox.register(
            "evaluate",
            lambda ind: self.evaluate(ind, parameters, start_hour, worst_case),
        )

        if self.verbose:
            start_time = time.time()
        start_solution, extra_data = self.optimize(parameters.start_solution, ngen=ngen)

        if self.verbose:
            elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time
            print(f"Time evaluate inner: {elapsed_time:.4f} sec.")
        # Perform final evaluation on the best solution
        o = self.evaluate_inner(start_solution)
        discharge_hours_bin, eautocharge_hours_index, washingstart_int = self.split_individual(
            start_solution
        )
        eautocharge_hours_float = (
            [self.possible_charge_values[i] for i in eautocharge_hours_index]
            if eautocharge_hours_index is not None
            else None
        )

        ac_charge, dc_charge, discharge = self.decode_charge_discharge(discharge_hours_bin)
        # Visualize the results
        visualize = {
            "ac_charge": ac_charge.tolist(),
            "dc_charge": dc_charge.tolist(),
            "discharge_allowed": discharge.tolist(),
            "eautocharge_hours_float": eautocharge_hours_float,
            "result": o,
            "eauto_obj": self.ems.ev.to_dict(),
            "start_solution": start_solution,
            "spuelstart": washingstart_int,
            "extra_data": extra_data,
            "fitness_history": self.fitness_history,
            "fixed_seed": self.fix_seed,
        }
        from akkudoktoreos.utils.visualize import prepare_visualize

        prepare_visualize(parameters, visualize, start_hour=start_hour)

        return OptimizeResponse(
            **{
                "ac_charge": ac_charge,
                "dc_charge": dc_charge,
                "discharge_allowed": discharge,
                "eautocharge_hours_float": eautocharge_hours_float,
                "result": SimulationResult(**o),
                "eauto_obj": self.ems.ev,
                "start_solution": start_solution,
                "washingstart": washingstart_int,
            }
        )